Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for measurement of human Interleukin – 5 receptor alpha spliced isoforms mRNA

Experimental validation

A common forward primer and two exon specific reverse primers were used for the quantification of the soluble and membrane-anchored hIL-5Rα encoding transcripts by real-time PCR amplification (Fig. 1). The forward primer is located in exon 10, whereas the reverse primer for the transcript encoding for the soluble form hybridises to exon 11, which is specific for this isoform [15]. The reverse primer for the membrane-anchored encoding variant is positioned in exon 12, which is also specific for this splice form [15]. Specific amplification was verified by agarose electrophoresis (4% in TAE), which resulted in one specific band of the expected size (membrane-anchored = 87 bp, soluble = 95 bp). These data were also confirmed in a melting curve analysis performed on the GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System. Dissociation curves showed a single peak corresponding to a melting temperature of 80.2°C for the soluble and 81.6°C for the membrane-anchored hIL-5Rα encoding splice form, demonstrating specific amplification and the absence of primer dimers.

To exclude the possibility of coamplification of contaminating genomic DNA during RT-PCR, we performed a PCR run with either cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis tissue samples. The amplicons were analysed by 2% agarose electrophoresis and the absence of a specific band for the genomic DNA sample confirmed the cDNA specificity of the primers. In addition, all samples were treated with DNase during RNA purification as described by the manufacturer (Qiagen, USA).

To quantify the number of molecules of each hIL-5Rα splice form, we constructed two different standard curves. The template of these standards consisted of PCR fragments obtained from two plasmids containing the specific cDNA sequence for each splice variant as explained in Materials and Methods. Analytical sensitivity in the GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System was determined by using a ten-fold serial dilution of the standards for the soluble and membrane-anchored encoding transcripts as template for amplification. Amplification with the SYBR Green I Master mix and primer pair 3 or 4, resulted in sensitive standard curves where a minimum of 5 molecules of each splice variant could be detected. A high linearity (expressed as correlation coefficient R²) was observed over a dynamic range of at least 4 orders of magnitude. The maximum amount that could be quantified to keep the standard curve's linearity was 5 × 10⁵ molecules for the soluble and 5 × 10⁴ molecules for the membrane-anchored encoding transcripts.

Quantification of either soluble or membrane-anchored hIL-5Rα encoding transcripts in the presence of the alternative form was tested by mixing an excess (5 × 10⁵ molecules) of one transcript form with a dilution series of the other. As a control, we used a standard curve containing only a single splice variant. In absence of inhibition, both dilution series should give equal C_T values and quantities for each dilution point. The low coefficient of variation values obtained in this experiment indicate that accurate and specific quantification of hIL-5Rα splice variants is possible up to 5 molecules (equivalent PCR product), in presence of excess of the alternative splice form (Figure 2).

Expression of hIL-5Rα splice variants in biological samples

Quantities of the transcripts encoding the soluble and the membrane-anchored forms of hIL-5Rα are expressed as relative number of molecules normalized to the number of molecules of internal control gene ACTB. Analysis of mRNA levels showed a significantly higher expression of both splice forms in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis tissue (CRS) compared to normal nasal mucosa (Fig. 3). In addition, in peripheral blood from CRS patients compared to control subjects, both transcripts were also overexpressed, reaching statistical significance however only for the soluble variant (Fig. 3).

These data demonstrate that quantification of the hIL-5Rα splice isoforms by real-time quantitative PCR is feasible in human peripheral blood and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis tissue, showing an up-regulation of both isoforms in nasal tissue and blood from eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis patients. In view of the crucial role of hIL-5 in the terminal differentiation of eosinophils and the involvement of these cells in severe airway and skin diseases, tools to investigate the regulation of the IL-5 receptor expression in vivo are mandatory to understand the pathomechanisms involved as well as to design future therapeutic approaches [3, 30–33]. Treatment of eosinophil-infiltrated polyp tissue with neutralizing anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in eosinophil apoptosis and decreased tissue eosinophilia in vitro [29], but antagonizing IL-5 activity in asthma patients with humanized anti-IL-5 mAbs was largely unsuccessful [33] [34]. A reassessment of the in vivo regulation of the soluble and membrane anchored hIL-5Rα expression may help to understand the role of the soluble variant, which has antagonistic properties in vitro, and a possible role in failures of anti-IL5 treatment.

Sample Preparation

Samples from normal nasal mucosa and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis biopsies were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen and thoroughly grinded with a cooled mortar and pestle (Fisher Scientific, UK). 30 mg of tissue were then resuspended in 0.6 ml of lysis (RLT) buffer (Qiagen, USA) and stored at -20°C until RNA extraction.

Peripheral blood (5 ml) from subjects was collected in tubes containing EDTA (Terumo, Leuven, Belgium) and centrifuged at 300 g for 5 minutes. Leukocytes were collected and red blood cells were hemolysed in 25 ml (5 ml per 1 ml of leukocytes suspension) of cold isotonic NH₄Cl-EDTA lysis buffer (155 mM NH₄Cl, 10 mM KHCO₃, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.2) during 5 minutes at 15°C. Cell suspensions were then centrifuged at 300 g for 6 minutes at 4°C and washed in PBS. Finally, cells were resuspended in 0.6 ml of RLT buffer (Qiagen, USA) and stored at -20°C until RNA preparation.

RNA isolation and reverse transcription

For extraction of total RNA, peripheral blood leukocytes, eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and normal nasal mucosa tissue, (all present in RLT buffer), were first homogenized with QIAshreder homogeniser (Qiagen, USA) as described by the manufacturer. RNA purification was performed with RNeasy mini Kit (Qiagen, USA). RNA was quantified using the RiboGreen kit (Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) on a TD-360 fluorometer (Turner Design, USA) and reverse transcription was performed for 1 μg of total RNA in a 20 μl reaction volume. Briefly, 1 μl of Oligo (dT)_12–18 (500 μg/ml) (Invitrogen, USA) and 200 ng of Random Primers (Invitrogen, USA) were added to each RNA sample and incubated at 70°C for 10 min. Then, the samples were incubated with 4 μl of 5 × First-Strand Buffer (Invitrogen, USA), 1 μl of 10 mM dNTP mix (Pharmacia Biotech, USA), 2 μl of 0.1 mM dithiothreitol (Invitrogen, USA) and 200 units of Superscript RNase H^- Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, USA), first at 25°C for 10 minutes and subsequently at 42°C during 50 minutes. The reaction was stopped by heating at 90°C for 5 minutes. Finally, RNA complementary to the cDNA was removed by adding 1 μl (2 units) of E. coli Ribonuclease H (Invitrogen, USA) and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. All cDNA samples were stored at -20°C until analysis.

Primer design

Different primer pairs were designed for generation of standard curve template and for the actual quantification of the hIL-5Rα splice variants (Table 1), based on published cDNA sequences (GenBank accession nos. M75914 and M96652). Primer pairs 1, 2 and 5 were designed using Primer 3 software (Rozen et al., 2000) using the following parameters: primer size between 20 and 27 base pairs, primer Tm range between 60 and 66°C, GC content between 45 and 50%, and sequences containing no runs of four or more identical nucleotides.

Primer pairs 3, 4 and 5 were designed in Primer Express Software version 1.5 (Applied BioSystems, USA) using the sequences flanked by the first set of primers 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Default TaqMan parameters were used with a restriction of amplicon length between 80 and 100 bp.

Generation of gene-specific real-time PCR standards

Two plasmids containing the cDNA sequences for the soluble or membrane-anchored encoding transcripts of hIL-5Rα, kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Jan Tavernier, were used to prepare the template for the standards. A cDNA fragment from each isoform was amplified by mixing 1 × Taq Polymerase Master mix (Invitrogen, USA) with 200 nM of primer pair 1 or 2, 20 ng of plasmid DNA and nuclease-free water to a final volume of 50 μL. The PCR conditions were: 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 35 cycles at 95°C for 30 seconds and 64°C for 1 minute and a final cycle at 72°C for 5 minutes in an ICycler thermal cycler (BioRad Laboratories, USA). The PCR products consisted of a DNA fragment of 294 bp for the soluble and 347 bp for the membrane-anchored encoding transcripts. PCR fragments were run on a 2% agarose gel, excised and eluted using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, USA).

PCR fragments were quantified using the PicoGreen kit (Molecular Probes, The Netherlands) on a TD-360 fluorometer (Turner Design) and the molar concentration of each PCR product was calculated on the basis of the mass concentration and the length in base pairs of each fragment as previously described [29]. Equimolar quantities of both standards were 10-fold serially diluted and used to generate standard curves. The generation of a standard curve, based on serial dilutions of fluorometrically quantified PCR products has been shown to be very reliable [29]. Template for the standard curve for the internal control gene ACTB was prepared following the same procedure described above, using primer pair 5 (Table 1).

Real-time quantitative PCR using SYBR Green I

Real-time PCR was performed on a GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System (Applied BioSystems, USA). In each experiment, duplicates of a standard dilution series of specific PCR fragments for each hIL-5Rα transcript variant and 25ng cDNA (total RNA equivalent) of unknown samples were amplified in a 25 μl reaction containing 1x SYBR Green I Master mix (Qiagen, USA) and 300 nM of primer pair 2, 3 or 4 for the membrane-anchored or soluble receptor encoding transcripts, respectively, and nuclease-free water. The thermal profile consisted of 1 cycle at 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 30 seconds and at 60°C for 1 minute. Real-time PCR efficiencies for each reaction were calculated using the formula:Efficiency (E) = [10^(1/slope)] - 1, from the slope values given in the GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System.

Quantification and data analysis

For each run, data acquisition and analysis was done by the 5700 Sequence Detection System software (version 1.3, Applied Biosystems, USA). The relative number of molecules of each transcript was determined by interpolating the C_T values of the unknown samples to each standard curve and the obtained values were normalized with respect to the ACTB number of molecules. Statistical tests were performed using the MedCalc program version 6. The Mann Whitney U-test (unpaired) was used for comparison between the groups and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.