Skip to main content
Download PDF

Biosynthesis of trans-4-hydroxyproline by recombinant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli

BMC Biotechnology volume 14, Article number: 44 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (trans-Hyp), one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. Although there are some natural biosynthetic pathways of trans-Hyp existing in microorganisms, the yield is still too low to be scaled up for industrial applications. Until now the production of trans-Hyp is mainly from the acid hydrolysis of collagen. Due to the increasing environmental concerns on those severe chemical processes and complicated downstream separation, it is essential to explore some environment-friendly processes such as constructing new recombinant strains to develop efficient process for trans-Hyp production.

Result

In this study, the genes of trans-proline 4-hydroxylase (trans-P4H) from diverse resources were cloned and expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli, respectively. The trans-Hyp production by these recombinant strains was investigated. The results showed that all the genes from different resources had been expressed actively. Both the recombinant C. glutamicum and E. coli strains could produce trans-Hyp in the absence of proline and 2-oxoglutarate.

Conclusions

The whole cell microbial systems for trans-Hyp production have been successfully constructed by introducing trans-P4H into C. glutamicum and E. coli. Although the highest yield was obtained in recombinant E. coli, using recombinant C. glutamicum strains to produce trans-Hyp was a new attempt.

Background

Hydroxyproline (Hyp) is a specific amino acid component of collagen. The amount of Hyps varies from 80 to 100 residues per 1000 residues in mammalian collagen, which can be used to estimate collagen content and act as an important indicator to collagen quality [1]. There are five naturally occurring Hyps, including three diastereomers of 4-hydroxyproline and two diastereomers of 3-hydroxyproline. Among them, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is the most abundant component in the constitution of collagen and can enhance the procollagen synthesis. Its derivative N-acetyl trans-4-hydroxyproline (oxaceprol) is an atypical inhibitor of inflammation and useful for the treatment of diseases affecting the connective tissues such as osteoarthritis [2]. Trans-Hyp has been widely used in medicine, biochemistry, food, cosmetic and other aspects of industry [3]. Additionally, trans-Hyp has also been found in the composition of some secondary metabolites such as actinomycins and echinocandins [4].

Trans-Hyp is manufactured industrially most by acid hydrolysis of mammalian collagen because of its rich amount in the collagen. However, it obviously results in many environmental issues and brings great difficulties into the down stream processing [5]. There are several identified pathways of hydroxyproline biosynthesis. In animal tissue, 4-hydroxyproline is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylase, which takes peptidyl proline as substrate rather than free proline [6]. 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid can be enzymatically transformed to hydroxyproline [7]. Some bacteria or fungi have been found to form hydroxyproline via fermentation directly [8]. Although the titer of product is low, these findings show the possibility of utilizing biological processes to produce trans-Hyp.

The proline 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) have been identified from several microbial strains, which can catalyze the hydroxylation of L-proline at the 4-position to produce trans-Hyp in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate, oxygen and ferrous ion [9–11]. P4Hs have an optimum pH range of 6.0 to 7.5 and temperature range of 30°C to 40°C. Its activity is inhibited by metal ions such as Zn2+ and Cu2+. Lawrence et al. have studied the effect of co-substrates on the hydroxylation of L-proline by P4H and pointed that 2-oxoglutarate was essential for proline hydroxylation since the replacement of 2-oxoglutarate with 2-oxopentanoate, 2-oxoadipate, pyruvate or 2-oxomalonate (all at 0.5 mM) led to no detectable hydroxylation of L-proline [10]. Although 2-oxoglutarate as the oxygen donator is required for hydroxylation of L-proline to 4-hydroxy-L-proline in vitro, it is unnecessary to add extra 2-oxoglutarate in vivo in the production of 4-hydroxy-L-proline by recombinant strains. 2-oxoglutarate is a key metabolic intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in Escherichia coli strain, which can result in the formation of hydroxyproline from glucose and proline directly [12]. Shibasaki et al. have analyzed the possible metabolic pathways of 2-oxoglutatate. They concluded that 2-oxoglutatate can be supplied either through the action of proline dehydrogenase (PutA) from L-proline or through the action of isocitric dehydrogenase (Icd) from glucose. The addition of L-proline to a glucose-containing minimal medium had a positive effect on both the proline 4-hydroxylase activity and production level [13]. But the availability of intracellular proline may still be limited because the biosynthesis of proline in wild type E. coli is strictly regulated to very low level. Thus, the precursor and co-factor in the microbial production of hydroxyproline need to be considered simultaneously.

Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the most important industrial microorganisms and widely used in amino acids, vitamins and nucleic acids production [14]. Leuchtenberger et al. has summarized the commercial application of C. glutamicum to the fermentative production of amino acids [15]. Lee et al. has reported a novel glutamate and proline producing method through the utilization of phenol in C. glutamicum[16]. Masaaki Wachi reported a strategy for optimizing the industrial production of amino acids by reinforcing the export systems of C. glutamicum[17]. The metabolic pathways of amino acids are sophisticated and controlled tightly in C. glutamicum. But C. glutamicum as the platform of amino acid production has been studied in details and there are lots of molecular tools used for its genetic modifications, which contribute to C. glutamicum as one of the most popular host systems [18, 19]. Additionally, Ikeda et al. [20] and Kalinowski et al. [21] have completed genome sequencing of C. glutamicum ATCC13032, which made C. glutamicum into a new era of system biology. To overproduce amino acids by C. glutamicum, not only the modification of biosynthetic pathway and regulation mechanism but also the transportation of amino acids plays significant roles in the final yield of a particular amino acid [22, 23].

To produce trans-Hyp by microbial fermentation, it is essential to contain both the proline pathway and subsequent hydroxylation activity in the microbial cells. Considering the metabolic pathway in C. glutamicum or E. coli (Figure 1), proline and 2-oxoglutarate can be produced from glucose. NADPH and ATP can also be regenerated during the glucose metabolism. Although there are some efforts being conducted in E. coli, for example, Hyp was produced from glucose using a recombinant E. coli by introducing a proline 4-hydroxylase and the mutated proB (encodingγ-glutamyl kinase) gene encoding the feedback resistant enzyme [24]. However, the development of recombinant C. glutamicum for hydroxyproline secretion has never been reported. In this study, genes of trans-P4H from diverse sources were screened and cloned into different C. glutamicum strains. The recombinant E. coli expressed different genes were also investigated. Meanwhile, a surprisingly high yield in shake flasks by recombinant E. coli without extra addition of L-proline was achieved.

Figure 1
figure 1

The metabolism of trans -4-hydroxyproline in recombinant bacteria. 2OG: 2 - 2-Ketoglutaric acid; γ-GK: γ- Glutamyl kinase; γ-Glu-P: γ- Glutamyl phosphate; GSADH; Glutamyl phosphate reductase; GSA: Glutamyl semialdehyde; P5C: Pyrroline - 5 - carboxylic acid; P5CR: P5C reductase; Hyp: Hydroxyproline.

Full size image

Results and discussion

Construction of trans-Hyp producing recombinant strains

There are several genes being speculated as putative L-proline 4-hydroxylase gene in the database, including genes in Pseudomonas stutzeri , Janthinobacterium sp., Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Achromobacter xylosoxidans C54 and Dactylosporangium. sp. Using PCR, we cloned and obtained the putative genes of P4H from P. stutzer and B. bronchiseptica RB50, named p4hP and p4hB. They were ligated to the corresponding plasmids after digestion and converted to C. glutamicum and E. coli, respectively. The length of p4hP was 918 bps while p4hB was 924 bps. These sequences were 100% identical to the reported genes in NCBI. The gene of trans-P4H from Dactylosporangium sp. (p4hD) had been expressed in E. coli successfully and can transform L-proline with good enzymatic properties [11–13, 24–26]. The length of p4hD was 816 bps encoding a 272-amino-acid polypeptide with the molecular weight of 29,715 daltons [11, 26]. In this study, p4hD was applied with some modifications on the nuclear bases. The original gene sequence of p4hD was analyzed (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/) and the results showed there were some rare codons for both C. glutamicum and E. coli. It has been reported that rare codons are strongly associated with low level of protein expression [27]. Codon optimization for heterologous protein expression has often been shown to drastically increase protein expression [28]. Thus, the rare codons of p4hD gene were substituted for those used with high frequency in C. glutamicum and the GC content was adjusted from 73% to 61% through synonymous conversion, which was close to that of C glutamicum. The modified gene of p4hD was synthesized according to the above modifications (Additional file 1).

The expression of P4H is one of the important aspects on the construction of trans-Hyp biosynthetic pathway. Figure 2 shows the SDS-PAGE of trans-P4Hs expressed in recombinant C. glutamicum and E. coli. All the recombinant trans-P4Hs were expressed as soluble proteins without inclusion bodies. It was obviously that the recombinant trans-P4Hs in E. coli were expressed much more than those in C. glutamicum (Figure 2). Many factors have influences on the expression of foreign proteins including promoters, the host-vector system and cultural conditions etc. [29, 30]. Since it was the first to express trans-P4Hs in C. glutamicum, more comprehensive studies such as promoter selection and culture condition optimization will be considered in our future work.

Figure 2
figure 2

Expression of trans -P4Hs in different strains. A1: E. coli BL21/pET28a-p4hD; A2: E. coli BL21/pET28a-p4hP; A3: E. coli BL21/pET28a-p4hB. B1: C. glutamicum ATCC15940/pECXK99E-p4hD; B2: C. glutamicum ATCC21355/pECXK99E-p4hD; B3: C. glutamicum ATCC21157/pECXK99E-p4hD; B4: C. glutamicum 49-1/ pECXK99E- p4hD.

Full size image

Comparison of P4H activities

Oxygenases are widely applied in industry since they can catalyze the highly specific oxyfunctionalization of unactivated C-H bonds under mild conditions, especially transferring molecular oxygen to a substrate [31]. P4H belongs to a family of 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase, which is a monomeric protein and utilizes the monomeric rather than polymeric substrates [10]. The activities of trans-P4Hs using recombinant whole cells in this study were measured (Table 1). Our data indicated that the expressed protein level and enzymatic activity was higher at 30°C. The results also showed that the plasmids were very stable as the plasmid stabilities of recombinant E. coli and C. glutamicum strains were all more than 98% at the end of fermentation.

Table 1 Comparison of trans -P4Hs activities and trans -Hyp production by different recombinant C. glutamicum and E. coli strains
Full size table

The recombinant cells with expressing of different genes showed different levels of catalytic activities toward L-proline. The activity of trans-P4H expressed by E. coli BL21/ pET28a-p4hD was the highest among all the constructed recombinant strains. The new cloned and expressed genes from P. stutzeri and B. bronchiseptica also showed interested activities. As for different host strains, E. coli represented better than C. glutamicum, which may be related to the performance of corresponding plasmid. Four L-proline producing strains of C. glutamicum were used as expression host strains and the resulted recombinant strains showed different enzymatic activities. The highest specific enzymatic activity among C. glutamicum strains was 40.7 U/mg · wet cell by C. glutamicum ATCC13032/pEC-XK99E-p4hB. However, the specific enzymatic activity of recombinant E. coli/pET28a -p4hD was up to 60.4 U/mg · wet cell. The growth of three recombinant E. coli strains was similar. But there was significant difference among the recombinant C. glutamicum strains. The recombinant C. glutamicum strains with higher specific enzymatic activities grew less than those with lower specific enzymatic activities. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of E. coli BL21 /pET28a -p4hD was similar to that of E. coli W1485/pWFH1 and higher than that of E. coli BL21/pET24-p4h1 of [12, 13]. The p4hD in E. coli W1485/pWFH1 was the original one in Dactylosporangium sp., while p4hD in E. coli BL21/pET24-p4h1 was modified. Although the codon optimization in this study was designed for C. glutamicum, the results indicated that it was also successfully in E. coli.

Trans-Hyp production in flasks

The production of trans-Hyp by different recombinant C. glutamicum and E. coli strains was also shown in Table 1. The yields of trans-Hyp by these recombinant strains depended both on the enzymatic activity of P4H and cell growth. E. coli BL21/ pET28a-p4hD had the highest yield, which was coincided of its specific enzymatic activity. Although the recombinant E. coli strains grew similarly in the production medium, there was significant difference in the production of trans-Hyp which did not keep the same level with the specific enzymatic activities. The productions of trans-Hyp by recombinant C. glutamicum strains were also much less than that of E. coli BL21/pET28a-p4hD. It was due to both the less expression of trans-P4H and less cell growth in C. glutamicum. The L-proline production of four C. glutamicum strains was also less than 1 g/L. There was little difference of trans-Hyp production among the recombinant strains of C. glutamicum with same gene p4hD, despite that some strains had better enzymatic performance and proline production.

Using the recombinant strains to directly synthesize trans-Hyp from glucose via fermentation was achieved since both the enzymes and precursors needed in the process were available. The over expressed foreign trans-P4Hs catalyzed the hydroxylation of L-proline at the trans-4 position, while 2– ketoglutarate was supplied by glucose through TCA cycle and then oxidatively decarboxylated to succinate (Figure 1). It was reported that proline was demanded in the production of Hyp by recombinant E. coli only with p4h gene. The carbon in proline added during the fermentation only flowed into amino acids synthesized from TCA cycle intermediates and not into gluconeogenesis [13]. However, the accumulated Hyp was at a relative high level even without the addition of proline in this study. It could be understood that Corynebacterium had the powerful biosynthetic pathway of proline [32, 33]. The biosynthetic pathway of proline has also been identified in E. coli, which may contribute to the synthesis of trans-Hyp by recombinant E. coli strains. The modification of proline pathway in E. coli enhanced the yield of Hyp, whereas the formation of Hyp can also relieve the feedback inhibition of proline [24]. The amount of proline (0-4 mM) promoted the production of trans-Hyp. However, continuously addition of L-proline didn’t improve the production yield significantly (Table 2). In this study, the time of cultivation was significantly less than those reported in the literatures, which might attribute to the different media used and also indicated there was great potential with optimization. In fact, 2.28 g/L of trans-Hyp was produced by recombinant E. coli without adding L-proline in flasks with a little modification of media and 6.72 g/L was achieved by supplement only 4 mM L-proline.

Table 2 Hyp production under different L-proline supplementation
Full size table

In order to further increase the biosynthesis of trans-Hyp by recombinant C. glutamicum and E. coli, alternative approaches should be considered as well. In E. coli, the degradation of proline should be overcome. Although the trans-Hyp production by a putA mutant of E. coli was not improved furthermore, the yield based on the proline utilized was enhanced greatly. In both C. glutamicum and E. coli, the expression of recombinant P4H as one of the oxygenases is involved in the physiological metabolism of host cells including the cofactor, co-substrate and oxygen. Moreover, without a powerful proline synthetic pathway in E. coli, the availability and transportation of substrate will limit the transformation seriously.

Conclusions

In this study, two new and a modified trans-P4Hs were expressed in C. glutamicum and E. coli successfully. Different amount of trans-Hyp were produced by these recombinant strains detected. Although the yield in recombinant C. glutamicum was less than that in recombinant E. coli, C. glutamicum as a native proline producing strain was worthy of further optimizing. This is the first report of producing trans-Hyp by introducing L-proline 4-hydroxylase into C. glutamicum.

Methods

Strains and plasmids

The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 3. E. coli BL21(DE3) and five C. glutamicum strains among which four were reported to produce L-proline were used as hosts. Plasmids pET-28a and pEC-XK99E were applied as the vectors respectively. Trans- 4-hydroxy-L-proline was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd.

Table 3 Strains and plasmids used in this study
Full size table

Construction of recombinant strains

The full sequences of p4h encoding predicted hydroxylases were amplified from the strains’ genomic DNA as followed in Table 4. The primers used in this study for gene cloning and plasmid construction were also as listed in Table 4, which were incorporated SalI/EcoRI restriction sites for recombinant E. coli and SalI/XbaI for recombinant C. glutamicum. The PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes above and inserted into the vector pET-28a and pEC-XK99E respectively, which resulted into the expression plasmid pET-28a-p4h and pEC-XK99E-p4h. The inserted fragment was sequenced and verified the identity to the anticipated sequence. Recombinant plasmid was transferred into E. coli competent cells by chemical CaCl2 method. The preparation of C. glutamicum competent cell and electro transformation of exogenous gene were conducted according to the method in reference [34].

Table 4 Primers used in this study for gene cloning and plasmid construction
Full size table

Media

Luria broth (LB) medium, tryptone 10 g/L; yeast extract 5 g/L; solium chloride 10 g/L, was used for seed cultivation of E. coli strains. LBG medium containing 1% glucose additionally was used for C. glutamicum seed cultivation.

The medium (MEC) for batch culture of E. coli in shake flasks contained: glucose 10 g/L, glycerol 5 g/L, CO(NH2)2 10 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, K2HPO4 1 g/L, NaCl 2 g/L, MgSO4 · 7H20 0.2 g/L, FeSO4 · 7H2O 1 mM, MnSO4 · 4H2O 10 mg/L, ZnSO4 · 7H2O 10 mg/L, VB1 200 ug/L.

The medium (MCG) for batch culture of C. glutamicum in shake flasks contained: glucose 10 g/L; glycerol 5 g/L; CO(NH2)2 10 g/L; corn syrup 15 g/L; K2HPO4 1 g/L; NaCl 2 g/L; MgSO4 · 7H20 0.2 g/L; FeSO4 · 7H2O 1 mM; MnSO4 · 4H2O 10 mg/L; ZnSO4 · 7H2O 10 mg/L; VB1 200 mg/L; ethyl alcohol absolute 1.5%.

Cultivations

The seed culture of E. coli strains was prepared by transferring 1 ml of glycerol stock to 30 ml of LB medium in a 250-ml flask, which was incubated overnight at 37°C and 220 rpm. Then 6% of seed culture was inoculated into 30 ml of MEC medium in a 250 ml flask and incubated at 37°C and 220 rpm for about 36 h. The initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.4. Induction (0.5 mM IPTG) was performed when the optical density was around 0.5, and the growth temperature was reduced from initial 37°C to 30°C. The cultivation of C. glutamicum was similar to that of E. coli expect that they were conducted at 30°C in the whole process using MCG medium. Experiments were performed in parallel on the same media without any induction.

Trans-P4H activities

The intracellelular trans-P4H activities were measured by the whole-cell reaction procedures. After 8 hours induction in fermentation medium, cells were harvested by centrifugation at 12000× g for 20 min. The harvested cells were resuspended in the reaction mixture as followed. Each reaction mixture contained 80 mM 2-[N- morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer (pH 6.5), 4 mM L-proline, 8 mM 2 - ketoglutarate, 2 mM FeSO4, 4 mM L-ascorbic acid The final cell concentration was about 100 g wet weight/L. The reaction mixtures were incubated at 35°C for 10 min and then cellular activity was inactivated completely by heat treatment at 100°C and 5 minutes. The amount of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in the supernatant of each mixture after centrifugation was determined. The amount of the enzyme which forms 1 nmol of Hyp in one minute was defined as 1 U.

Analytical methods

The cell concentration was determined by measuring the optical density of appropriately diluted sample at 600 nm (E. coli, OD600) and 620 nm (C. glutamicum OD620) with a UV-visible spectroscopy system (Xinmao, Shanghai, China). Hyp was oxidized by Chloramine T and analyzed using spectrophotometric determination [35].

Statistical analysis

All measurements for growth, trans-Hyp production and trans-P4H activity were performed in triplicate, and the data were averaged and presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

References

  1. Kuttan R, Radhakrishnan AN: Biochemistry of the hydroxyprolines. Adv Enzymol. 1973, 37: 273-347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mai Hoa BT, Hibi T, Nasuno R, Matsuo G, Sasano Y, Takagi H: Production of N-acetyl cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline by the yeast N-acetyltransferase Mpr1. J Biosci Bioeng. 2012, 114 (2): 160-165. 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.03.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Remuzon P: Trans 4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a novel and versatile chiral starting block. Tetrahedron. 1996, 52: 13803-13835. 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00822-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wichmann CF, Liesch JM, Schwartz RE: L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. II. Structure determination. Antibiot. 1989, 42 (2): 168-173. 10.7164/antibiotics.42.168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Izumi Y, Chibata I, Itah T: Herstellung und Verwendung von Aminosäuren. Angew Chem. 1978, 90 (3): 187-194. 10.1002/ange.19780900307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gorres KL, Raines RT: Prolyl 4-hydroxylase. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2010, 45: 106-124. 10.3109/10409231003627991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hashimoto S, Katsumata R, Ochiai K: Process for producing optically active 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric acid using microorganisms. US Patent. 5,607,848[P]. 1997-3-4

  8. Serizawa N, Matsuoka T, Hosoya T, Furuya K: Fermentation production of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline by Clonostachys cylindrospora. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 1995, 59 (3): 555-557. 10.1271/bbb.59.555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Onishi M, Okumura R, Okamoto R, Ishikura T: Proline hydroxylation by cell free extract of a streptomycete. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984, 120 (1): 45-51. 10.1016/0006-291X(84)91411-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lawrence CC, Sobey WJ, Field RA, Baldwin JE, Schofield CJ: Purification and initial characterization of proline 4-hydroxylase from Streptomyces griseoviridus P8648: a 2-oxoacid, ferrous-dependent dioxygenase involved in etamycin biosynthesis. Biochem J. 1996, 313 (1): 185-191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Baldwin JE, Field RA, Lawrence CC, Lee V, Robinson JK, Schofield CJ: Substrate specificity of proline 4-hydroxylase: chemical and enzymatic synthesis of 2S, 3R, 4S –epoxyproline. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35 (26): 4649-4652. 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)60753-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shibasaki T, Mori H, Ozaki A: Enzymatic production of trans-4-Hydroxy -L-proline by region- and stereospecific hydroxylation of L-proline. Biosci Biotechno Biochem. 2000, 64 (4): 746-750. 10.1271/bbb.64.746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Falcioni F, Blamk LM, Oliver F, Andreas K, Bruno B, Schmid A: Proline availability regulates proline-4-hydroxylase synthesis and substrate uptake in proline-hydroxylating recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013, 79: 3091-3100. 10.1128/AEM.03640-12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eggeling L, Bott M: Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum. 2005, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1-616.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Wolfgang L, Klaus H, Karlheinz D: Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives: current status and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005, 69: 1-8. 10.1007/s00253-005-0155-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Soo YL, Yang HK, Jiho M: Conversion of phenol to glutamate and proline in Corynebacterium glutamicum is regulated by transcriptional regulator ArgR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010, 85: 713-720. 10.1007/s00253-009-2206-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Masaaki W: Amino Acid Exporters in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Monographs. 2013, 23: 335-349. 10.1007/978-3-642-29857-8_12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jiang LY, Chen SG, Zhang YY, Liu JZ: Metabolic evolution of Coryne- bacterium glutamicum for increased production of L-ornithine. BMC Biotechnol. 2013, 13: 47-10.1186/1472-6750-13-47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Meiswinkela TM, Rittmannb D, Lindnera SN, Wendischa VF: Crude glycerol- based production of amino acids and putrescine by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bioresour Technol. 2013, 145: 254-258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ikeda M, Nakagawa SL: The Corynebacterium glutamicum genome: features and impacts on biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003, 62 (2/3): 99-109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kalinowski J, Bathe B, Bartels D, Bischoff N, Bott M, Burkovski A, Dusch N, Eggeling L, Eikmanns BJ, Gaigalat L, Goesmann A, Hartmann M, Huthmacher K, Kramer R, Linke B, McHardy AC, Meyer F, Mockel B, Pfefferle W, Puhler A, Rey DA, Ruchert C, Rupp O, Sahm H, Wendisch VF, Wiegrabe I, Tauch A: The complete Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome sequence and its impact on the production of L-aspartate-derived amino acids and vitamins. J Biotechnol. 2003, 104 (1/3): 5-25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Becker J, Wittmann C: Systems and synthetic metabolic engineering for amino acid production–the heartbeat of industrial strain development. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012, 23 (5): 718-726. 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ikeda M, Katsumata R: Transport of aromatic amino acids and its influence on overproduction of the amino acids in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Ferment Bioeng. 1994, 78 (6): 420-425. 10.1016/0922-338X(94)90040-X.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shibasaki T, Hashimoto S, Mori H, Ozaki A: Construction of a novel hydroxyproline-producing recombinant Escherichia coli by introducing a proline 4-hydroxylase gene. J Biosci Bioeng. 2000, 90 (5): 522-525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shibasaki T, Mori H, Chiba S, Ozaki A: Microbial Proline 4-Hydroxylase Screening and Gene Cloning. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999, 65 (9): 4028-4031.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Klein C, Hüttel W: A simple procedure for selective hydroxylation of l-Proline and l-Pipecolic acid with recombinantly expressed proline hydroxylases. Adv Synth Catal. 2011, 353 (8): 1375-1383. 10.1002/adsc.201000863.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hayes CS, Bose B, Sauer RT: Stop codons preceded by rare arginine codons are efficient determinants of ssrA tagging in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99 (6): 3440-3445. 10.1073/pnas.052707199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gustafsson C, Govindarajan S, Minshull J: Codon bias and heterologous protein expression. Trends Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 346-353. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.04.006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ahn SJ, Seo JS, Kim MS, Jeon SJ, Kim NY, Jang JH, Kim KH, Hong YK, Chung JK, Lee HH: Cloning, site-directed mutagenesis and expression of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Uronema marinum (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida). Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2007, 156 (2): 191-198. 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.07.021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Retnoningrum DS, Pramesti HT, Santika PY, Valerius O, Asjarie S, Suciati T: Codon optimization for high level expression of human bone morphogenetic protein– 2 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif. 2012, 84: 188-194. 10.1016/j.pep.2012.05.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Blank LM, Ebert BE, Buehler K, Bühler B: Redox Biocatalysis and Metabolism: Molecular Mechanisms and Metabolic Network Analysis. Antioxid Redox 527 Signal. 2010, 13: 349-394. 10.1089/ars.2009.2931.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tsuchida T, Kubota K, Yoshinage F: Improvement of L-proline production by sulfaguanidine resistant mutants derived from L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria. Agric Biol Chem. 1986, 50 (9): 2201-2207. 10.1271/bbb1961.50.2201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nakanishi T, Hagino H: Process for producing L-proline by fermentation. US Patent. 1984, 4: 444,885-

    Google Scholar 

  34. Yu BQ, Shen W, Zhuge J: An improved method for integrative electro transformation of Corynebacterium glutamicum with xenogeneic DNA. China Biotechnol. 2005, 25 (2): 78-81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yin MW, Nan YM, Wang XM: Improvement of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydroxyproline. J Henan Med Univ. 1994, 29: 74-77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No’s. 2012AA022104 & 2012AA021205), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No’s. 222201313007 & 222201314048), the National Special Fund for State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering (No.2060204).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Yulan Yi, Huakai Sheng, Zhimin Li & Qin Ye

  2. Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China

    Zhimin Li

Authors
  1. Yulan Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huakai Sheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhimin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Qin Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhimin Li.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

YY participated in the design and conducted the experiments in the study, and drafted the manuscript. HS participated in the analysis of proline and hydroxyproline. ZL conceived the study and helped to draft the manuscript. QY discussed the experiments and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Rights and permissions

Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yi, Y., Sheng, H., Li, Z. et al. Biosynthesis of trans-4-hydroxyproline by recombinant strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 14, 44 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-14-44

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-14-44

Keywords

  • Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline
  • Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum
  • Recombinant Escherichia coli
  • Proline 4-hydroxylases

BMC Biotechnology

ISSN: 1472-6750

Contact us