Fig. 5

Time courses of fed-batch fermentation performance with the two-stage glucose-feeding strategy by stepwise decrease in feeding rate in a 7-L bioreactor. Graphs show variation in key parameters including number of total cells, reducing sugar concentration, iturin A concentration and ratio of spores to total cells (a) as well as DO and pH (b) during the fermentation over time. Symbols: iturin A concentration (●), reducing sugar concentration (■), number of total cells (▲), spores to total cells ratio (△). Each point represents the mean (n = 3) ± standard deviation. Solid black lines: DO; solid red lines: pH