Fig. 6

Expression analysis of insecticide resistance genes in FAW population. Expression profiles of six insecticide resistance genes (4 GST and 2 CYP 450) in FAW populations (as listed along the X-axes). A 1950 (GST), B 3423 (GST), C 801 (GST), D 968 (GST), E 9131(CYP) and F 9360(CYP). Relative gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR analysis. Elongation factor (EF) has been used as the internal control. The Ct value for tested genes were normalized to the Ct value of EF and calculated relative to a calibrator using the formula 2^–ΔΔCt. Values represent means ± SE for three independent replicates. Statistical significance of the experimental sets as compared to the susceptible population have been marked with ***p ≤ 0.0001. **, p ≤ 0.001 and * p < 0.01. G Heatmap represents an overview of the expression level of each gene in variable FAW population, with the color gradient provided alongside. Gene expression profile are represented as relative expression as compared to susceptible population, obtained from qRT-PCR experiment