Fig. 2

Strain identity and phylogenetic analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda based on COIA and Tpi gene segments. A COI gene showing the locations of COIA segment frequently used for DNA barcoding and individual nucleotide differences of the COI gene in the corn (C) and the rice (R) strains of Spodoptera frugiperda. 658 bp from 39 to 696^th positions of 1531 bp of Spodoptera frugiperda COI gene sequence has been used in this study. B The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the COI sequences of Spodoptera frugiperda collected from the different provinces of Eastern India. The bold text COI sequences represent collected samples used in this study, and the others are reference sequences obtained from the GenBank database. A total of 49 nucleotide sequences were selected to construct the tree, where the Spodoptera littoralis was taken as an out-group. Hasegawa-Kishnio-Yano HKY850 model and gamma distribution rate of variation among sites were implemented to construct the phylogenetic tree in MEGA X. C Map of a section of the Z-chromosome linked nuclear Tpi gene that includes exon 4 (fourth exon from the start of the coding region), exon 5 and the intervening introns. The gTpi183Y site defines Tpi-based strain identity of FAW population indicated by C, T, C/T heterozygote forms. The Tpie4i4 contains a portion of exon 4 and intron 4