Table 1 Variables (X) considered in t-test analysis
Variable | Score | Â | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
Main effect of patents | +1 | (positive terms) | Fostering information sharing, improving productivity |
| Â | --1 | (negative terms) | Increase in costs, restrictions on access to information, stifling effect on subsequent innovation |
Evaluating effects of patents on innovation | --2 ~ +2 | Â | --2 = highly negative; --1 = negative; 0 = neither negative nor positive; +1 = positive; +2 = highly positive |