Table 1 Potential therapies/supplementations for patients with celiac disease

Intra-luminal

Flours

Pretreatment with lactobacilli, transamidation of gliadin

Microbial Transglutaminase and Lysine Ethyl Ester (WHETMIT)

Phase 2

NCT02472119

[5]

Prolamin

Polymetric binders, form high affinity complexes with alpha-gliadin

Poly-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-styrene sulfonate

BL-7010

Phase 2

NCT01990885

[5]

Prolamin

Antibodies or Antibody-fragments with high affinity to prolamin ➔ neutralizing effect

Tandem single chain Fragment variable directed against prolamins of different grains (Glutosin ™)

[10]

Prolamin

Peptidase based, enzymes to degrade prolamin

• Cystein-Endopeptidas B2, Prolin-Endopeptidase (ALV003),

• Cocktail of microbial enzymes (STAN 1)

• Prolyl endopeptidase (AN-PEP)

Phase 1 + 2

Phase 1 + 2

Phase 1 + 2

NCT01255696

NCT00962182

NCT00810654

[5, 11]

Prolamin

Bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species that hydrolyse gliadin

Bifidobacteria infantis and lactobacillus species

NCT01257620

[5]

Prolamin

Desensitizing

Necator americanus

• (NaCeD)

• (NainCeD-3)

Phase 1 + 2

Phase 1

NCT01661933

NCT02754609

[5]

Epithelial layer

Zonulin receptors

Antagonizing Zonulin recetors, tight junction modulation

Larazotide acetate

(AT-1001)

Phase 2

NCT01396213

[5, 12]

Transcellular gliadin transport

Inhibition of sIgA-CD71 mediated transport

[5]

IL 15

IL 15 action is blocked

• Humanized Mik-Beta-1 Monoclonal Antibody Directed Toward IL-2/IL-15R Beta (CD122) (Hu-Mik- Beta-1)

• Human monoclonal antibody (AMG 714)

Phase 1

Phase 2

NCT01893775

NCT02637141

[12]

Lamina propria

HLA- DQ2 or DQ8

Blocking HLA-DQ2 or DQ8

[12]

CCR3

CCR3 blocking to repress T cell homing

CCX282-B

NCT00540657

[13]

TG2

Inhibition of TG2

[12]

Cathepsin-S inhibitor

Participate in the degradation of antigenic proteins to peptides for presentation on MHC class II

RG7625

Phase 1

NCT02679014

[14]

Immune system

Immune response

Vaccination

Nexvax2

Phase 1

NCT02528799

[12]