Fig. 8

A schematic diagram summarizing the hypothesized mechanisms of USMB induced/enhanced release from cytoplasm, lysosomes, and early/recycling endosomes through both membrane disruption and exocytosis. These mechanisms can occur simultaneously and can affect the release from more than one compartment at the same time (a) Membrane disruption by USMB induces diffusion of molecules from the cytoplasm and causes an increase in Ca²⁺ influx which triggers lysosomes fusion for membrane repair and can also be involved in USMB enhanced endocytosis. b USMB induced production of H₂O₂ can induce the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and the release of lysosomal content and this oxidative stress can also be involved in the slower rate of recycling from early/recycling endosomes (c) USMB induced biomechanical stress can cause enhancing endocytosis and triggering a cellular response driving release from early/recycling endosomes